Point Group C16h



C16h E C16 C8 (C16)3 C4 (C16)5 (C8)3 (C16)7 C2 (C16)9 (C8)5 (C16)11 (C4)3 (C16)13 (C8)7 (C16)15 i (S16)9 (S8)5 (S16)11 (S4)3 (S16)13 (S8)7 (S16)15 σh S16 S8 (S16)3 S4 (S16)5 (S8)3 (S16)7
Ag 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bg 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
E1g* 2 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) -2 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 2 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) -2 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8)
E2g* 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4)
E3g* 2 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) -2 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 2 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) -2 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8)
E4g* 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0
E5g* 2 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) -2 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 2 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) -2 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8)
E6g* 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4)
E7g* 2 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) -2 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 2 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) -2 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8)
Au 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Bu 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
E1u* 2 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) -2 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) -2 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 2 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8)
E2u* 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4)
E3u* 2 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) -2 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) -2 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 2 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8)
E4u* 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0
E5u* 2 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) -2 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) -2 2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 0 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 2 -2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) 0 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8)
E6u* 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4)
E7u* 2 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8) -2 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) -2 2cos(π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(3π/8) 0 -2cos(3π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(π/8) 2 -2cos(π/8) 2cos(π/4) -2cos(3π/8) 0 2cos(3π/8) -2cos(π/4) 2cos(π/8)
Math View
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Phys View B
Chem View A
Chem View B


Additional information

Number of symmetry elements h = 32
Number of classes, irreps n = 32
Number of real-valued irreducible representations n = 18
Abelian group yes
Optical Isomerism (Chirality) no
Polar no
Parity yes


Reduce representation to irreducible representations


E C16 C8 (C16)3 C4 (C16)5 (C8)3 (C16)7 C2 (C16)9 (C8)5 (C16)11 (C4)3 (C16)13 (C8)7 (C16)15 i (S16)9 (S8)5 (S16)11 (S4)3 (S16)13 (S8)7 (S16)15 σh S16 S8 (S16)3 S4 (S16)5 (S8)3 (S16)7



Genrate representation from irreducible representations


Ag Bg E1g* E2g* E3g* E4g* E5g* E6g* E7g* Au Bu E1u* E2u* E3u* E4u* E5u* E6u* E7u*



Direct products of irreducible representations


Binary products
⊙ Ag Bg E1g* E2g* E3g* E4g* E5g* E6g* E7g* Au Bu E1u* E2u* E3u* E4u* E5u* E6u* E7u*
Ag Ag
Bg BgAg
E1g* E1gE7g2Ag⊕E2g
E2g* E2gE6gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E4g
E3g* E3gE5gE2g⊕E4gE1g⊕E5g2Ag⊕E6g
E4g* E4gE4gE3g⊕E5gE2g⊕E6gE1g⊕E7g2Ag⊕2Bg
E5g* E5gE3gE4g⊕E6gE3g⊕E7g2Bg⊕E2gE1g⊕E7g2Ag⊕E6g
E6g* E6gE2gE5g⊕E7g2Bg⊕E4gE3g⊕E7gE2g⊕E6gE1g⊕E5g2Ag⊕E4g
E7g* E7gE1g2Bg⊕E6gE5g⊕E7gE4g⊕E6gE3g⊕E5gE2g⊕E4gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E2g
Au AuBuE1uE2uE3uE4uE5uE6uE7uAg
Bu BuAuE7uE6uE5uE4uE3uE2uE1uBgAg
E1u* E1uE7u2Au⊕E2uE1u⊕E3uE2u⊕E4uE3u⊕E5uE4u⊕E6uE5u⊕E7u2Bu⊕E6uE1gE7g2Ag⊕E2g
E2u* E2uE6uE1u⊕E3u2Au⊕E4uE1u⊕E5uE2u⊕E6uE3u⊕E7u2Bu⊕E4uE5u⊕E7uE2gE6gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E4g
E3u* E3uE5uE2u⊕E4uE1u⊕E5u2Au⊕E6uE1u⊕E7u2Bu⊕E2uE3u⊕E7uE4u⊕E6uE3gE5gE2g⊕E4gE1g⊕E5g2Ag⊕E6g
E4u* E4uE4uE3u⊕E5uE2u⊕E6uE1u⊕E7u2Au⊕2BuE1u⊕E7uE2u⊕E6uE3u⊕E5uE4gE4gE3g⊕E5gE2g⊕E6gE1g⊕E7g2Ag⊕2Bg
E5u* E5uE3uE4u⊕E6uE3u⊕E7u2Bu⊕E2uE1u⊕E7u2Au⊕E6uE1u⊕E5uE2u⊕E4uE5gE3gE4g⊕E6gE3g⊕E7g2Bg⊕E2gE1g⊕E7g2Ag⊕E6g
E6u* E6uE2uE5u⊕E7u2Bu⊕E4uE3u⊕E7uE2u⊕E6uE1u⊕E5u2Au⊕E4uE1u⊕E3uE6gE2gE5g⊕E7g2Bg⊕E4gE3g⊕E7gE2g⊕E6gE1g⊕E5g2Ag⊕E4g
E7u* E7uE1u2Bu⊕E6uE5u⊕E7uE4u⊕E6uE3u⊕E5uE2u⊕E4uE1u⊕E3u2Au⊕E2uE7gE1g2Bg⊕E6gE5g⊕E7gE4g⊕E6gE3g⊕E5gE2g⊕E4gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E2g

Ternary Products
Quaternary Products


Symmetric powers [Γn] of degenerate irreducible representations
Vibrational overtones


irrep [Γ2] [Γ3] [Γ4] [Γ5] [Γ6]
E1g* Ag⊕E2gE1g⊕E3gAg⊕E2g⊕E4gE1g⊕E3g⊕E5gAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E2g* Ag⊕E4gE2g⊕E6gAg⊕2Bg⊕E4gE2g⊕2E6gAg⊕2Bg⊕2E4gMore
E3g* Ag⊕E6gE3g⊕E7gAg⊕E4g⊕E6gE1g⊕E3g⊕E7gAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E4g* Ag⊕2Bg2E4g3Ag⊕2Bg3E4g3Ag⊕4BgMore
E5g* Ag⊕E6gE1g⊕E5gAg⊕E4g⊕E6gE1g⊕E5g⊕E7gAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E6g* Ag⊕E4gE2g⊕E6gAg⊕2Bg⊕E4g2E2g⊕E6gAg⊕2Bg⊕2E4gMore
E7g* Ag⊕E2gE5g⊕E7gAg⊕E2g⊕E4gE3g⊕E5g⊕E7gAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E1u* Ag⊕E2gE1u⊕E3uAg⊕E2g⊕E4gE1u⊕E3u⊕E5uAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E2u* Ag⊕E4gE2u⊕E6uAg⊕2Bg⊕E4gE2u⊕2E6uAg⊕2Bg⊕2E4gMore
E3u* Ag⊕E6gE3u⊕E7uAg⊕E4g⊕E6gE1u⊕E3u⊕E7uAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E4u* Ag⊕2Bg2E4u3Ag⊕2Bg3E4u3Ag⊕4BgMore
E5u* Ag⊕E6gE1u⊕E5uAg⊕E4g⊕E6gE1u⊕E5u⊕E7uAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore
E6u* Ag⊕E4gE2u⊕E6uAg⊕2Bg⊕E4g2E2u⊕E6uAg⊕2Bg⊕2E4gMore
E7u* Ag⊕E2gE5u⊕E7uAg⊕E2g⊕E4gE3u⊕E5u⊕E7uAg⊕E2g⊕E4g⊕E6gMore


Spherical harmonics and Multipoles
Symmetric Powers of Γxyz


Spherical Harmonics Yl / Multipole Symmetric Power [Γl(xyz)]
l 2l+1 Multipole Symmetry Rank [Γl(xyz)]
s (l=0) 1 Monopole Ag 1 Ag
p (l=1) 3 Dipole Au⊕E1u 3 Au⊕E1u
d (l=2) 5 Quadrupole Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g 6 2Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g
f (l=3) 7 Octupole Au⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u 10 2Au⊕2E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u
g (l=4) 9 Hexadecapole Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g 15 3Ag⊕2E1g⊕2E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g
h (l=5) 11 Dotricontapole Au⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u⊕E4u⊕E5u 21 3Au⊕3E1u⊕2E2u⊕2E3u⊕E4u⊕E5u
i (l=6) 13 Tetrahexacontapole Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g⊕E5g⊕E6g 28 4Ag⊕3E1g⊕3E2g⊕2E3g⊕2E4g⊕E5g⊕E6g
j (l=7) 15 Octacosahectapole Au⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u⊕E4u⊕E5u⊕E6u⊕E7u 36 4Au⊕4E1u⊕3E2u⊕3E3u⊕2E4u⊕2E5u⊕E6u⊕E7u
k (l=8) 17 256-pole Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g⊕E5g⊕E6g⊕E7g 45 5Ag⊕2Bg⊕4E1g⊕4E2g⊕3E3g⊕3E4g⊕2E5g⊕2E6g⊕E7g
l (l=9) 19 512-pole Au⊕2Bu⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u⊕E4u⊕E5u⊕E6u⊕2E7u 55 5Au⊕2Bu⊕5E1u⊕4E2u⊕4E3u⊕3E4u⊕3E5u⊕2E6u⊕3E7u
m (l=10) 21 1024-pole Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g⊕E5g⊕2E6g⊕2E7g 66 6Ag⊕4Bg⊕5E1g⊕5E2g⊕4E3g⊕4E4g⊕3E5g⊕4E6g⊕3E7g
n (l=11) 23 2048-pole Au⊕2Bu⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u⊕E4u⊕2E5u⊕2E6u⊕2E7u 78 6Au⊕4Bu⊕6E1u⊕5E2u⊕5E3u⊕4E4u⊕5E5u⊕4E6u⊕5E7u
o (l=12) 25 4096-pole Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕2E4g⊕2E5g⊕2E6g⊕2E7g 91 7Ag⊕6Bg⊕6E1g⊕6E2g⊕5E3g⊕6E4g⊕5E5g⊕6E6g⊕5E7g
More

First nonvanshing multipole: Quadrupole

Further Reading

  • A. Gelessus, W. Thiel, W. Weber. J. Chem. Educ. 72 505 (1995)
     Multipoles and symmetry



Ligand Field, dn term splitting


Term symbols for electronic configurations dn
dn Term Symbols
d1 = d9 2D
d2 = d8 1S, 1D, 1G, 3P, 3F
d3 = d7 2P, 2D (2), 2F, 2G, 2H, 4P, 4F
d4 = d6 1S (2), 1D (2), 1F, 1G (2), 1I, 3P (2), 3D, 3F (2), 3G, 3H, 5D
d5 2S, 2P, 2D (3), 2F (2), 2G (2), 2H, 2I, 4P, 4D, 4F, 4G, 6S


Term splitting in point group C16h
L 2L+1 Term Splitting
S (L=0) 1 Ag
P (L=1) 3 Ag⊕E1g
D (L=2) 5 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g
F (L=3) 7 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g
G (L=4) 9 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g
H (L=5) 11 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g⊕E5g
I (L=6) 13 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g⊕E4g⊕E5g⊕E6g

Last update November, 13th 2023 by A. Gelessus, Impressum, Datenschutzerklärung/DataPrivacyStatement