Point Group C8h



C8h E C8 C4 (C8)3 C2 (C8)5 (C4)3 (C8)7 i (S8)5 (S4)3 (S8)7 σh S8 S4 (S8)3
Ag 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bg 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
E1g* 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4)
E2g* 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0
E3g* 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4)
Au 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Bu 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
E1u* 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) 2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4)
E2u* 2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 -2 0 2 0 -2 0 2 0
E3u* 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) -2 2cos(π/4) 0 -2cos(π/4) 2 -2cos(π/4) 0 2cos(π/4)


Additional information

Number of symmetry elements h = 16
Number of classes, irreps n = 16
Number of real-valued irreducible representations n = 10
Abelian group yes
Optical Isomerism (Chirality) no
Polar no
Parity yes


Reduce representation to irreducible representations


E C8 C4 (C8)3 C2 (C8)5 (C4)3 (C8)7 i (S8)5 (S4)3 (S8)7 σh S8 S4 (S8)3



Genrate representation from irreducible representations


Ag Bg E1g* E2g* E3g* Au Bu E1u* E2u* E3u*




Direct products of irreducible representations


Binary products
Ag Bg E1g* E2g* E3g* Au Bu E1u* E2u* E3u*
Ag Ag
Bg BgAg
E1g* E1gE3g2Ag⊕E2g
E2g* E2gE2gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕2Bg
E3g* E3gE1g2Bg⊕E2gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E2g
Au AuBuE1uE2uE3uAg
Bu BuAuE3uE2uE1uBgAg
E1u* E1uE3u2Au⊕E2uE1u⊕E3u2Bu⊕E2uE1gE3g2Ag⊕E2g
E2u* E2uE2uE1u⊕E3u2Au⊕2BuE1u⊕E3uE2gE2gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕2Bg
E3u* E3uE1u2Bu⊕E2uE1u⊕E3u2Au⊕E2uE3gE1g2Bg⊕E2gE1g⊕E3g2Ag⊕E2g

Ternary Products
Quaternary Products



Symmetric powers [Γn] of degenerate irreducible representations
Vibrational overtones


irrep 2] 3] 4] 5] 6]
E1g* Ag⊕E2gE1g⊕E3gAg⊕2Bg⊕E2gE1g⊕2E3gAg⊕2Bg⊕2E2gMore
E2g* Ag⊕2Bg2E2g3Ag⊕2Bg3E2g3Ag⊕4BgMore
E3g* Ag⊕E2gE1g⊕E3gAg⊕2Bg⊕E2g2E1g⊕E3gAg⊕2Bg⊕2E2gMore
E1u* Ag⊕E2gE1u⊕E3uAg⊕2Bg⊕E2gE1u⊕2E3uAg⊕2Bg⊕2E2gMore
E2u* Ag⊕2Bg2E2u3Ag⊕2Bg3E2u3Ag⊕4BgMore
E3u* Ag⊕E2gE1u⊕E3uAg⊕2Bg⊕E2g2E1u⊕E3uAg⊕2Bg⊕2E2gMore



Spherical harmonics and Multipoles
Symmetric Powers of Γxyz


Spherical Harmonics Yl / Multipole Symmetric Power [Γl(xyz)]
l 2l+1 Multipole Symmetry Rank l(xyz)]
s (l=0) 1 Monopole Ag 1 Ag
p (l=1) 3 Dipole Au⊕E1u 3 Au⊕E1u
d (l=2) 5 Quadrupole Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g 6 2Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g
f (l=3) 7 Octupole Au⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u 10 2Au⊕2E1u⊕E2u⊕E3u
g (l=4) 9 Hexadecapole Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g 15 3Ag⊕2Bg⊕2E1g⊕2E2g⊕E3g
h (l=5) 11 Dotricontapole Au⊕2Bu⊕E1u⊕E2u⊕2E3u 21 3Au⊕2Bu⊕3E1u⊕2E2u⊕3E3u
i (l=6) 13 Tetrahexacontapole Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕2E2g⊕2E3g 28 4Ag⊕4Bg⊕3E1g⊕4E2g⊕3E3g
j (l=7) 15 Octacosahectapole Au⊕2Bu⊕2E1u⊕2E2u⊕2E3u 36 4Au⊕4Bu⊕5E1u⊕4E2u⊕5E3u
k (l=8) 17 256-pole 3Ag⊕2Bg⊕2E1g⊕2E2g⊕2E3g 45 7Ag⊕6Bg⊕5E1g⊕6E2g⊕5E3g
l (l=9) 19 512-pole 3Au⊕2Bu⊕3E1u⊕2E2u⊕2E3u 55 7Au⊕6Bu⊕8E1u⊕6E2u⊕7E3u
m (l=10) 21 1024-pole 3Ag⊕2Bg⊕3E1g⊕3E2g⊕2E3g 66 10Ag⊕8Bg⊕8E1g⊕9E2g⊕7E3g
n (l=11) 23 2048-pole 3Au⊕2Bu⊕3E1u⊕3E2u⊕3E3u 78 10Au⊕8Bu⊕11E1u⊕9E2u⊕10E3u
o (l=12) 25 4096-pole 3Ag⊕4Bg⊕3E1g⊕3E2g⊕3E3g 91 13Ag⊕12Bg⊕11E1g⊕12E2g⊕10E3g
More

First nonvanshing multipole: Quadrupole

Further Reading

  • A. Gelessus, W. Thiel, W. Weber. J. Chem. Educ. 72 505 (1995)
    Multipoles and symmetry




Ligand Field, dn term splitting


Term symbols for electronic configurations dn
dn Term Symbols
d1 = d9 2D
d2 = d8 1S, 1D, 1G, 3P, 3F
d3 = d7 2P, 2D (2), 2F, 2G, 2H, 4P, 4F
d4 = d6 1S (2), 1D (2), 1F, 1G (2), 1I, 3P (2), 3D, 3F (2), 3G, 3H, 5D
d5 2S, 2P, 2D (3), 2F (2), 2G (2), 2H, 2I, 4P, 4D, 4F, 4G, 6S


Term splitting in point group C8h
L 2L+1 Term Splitting
S (L=0) 1 Ag
P (L=1) 3 Ag⊕E1g
D (L=2) 5 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g
F (L=3) 7 Ag⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g
G (L=4) 9 Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕E3g
H (L=5) 11 Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕E2g⊕2E3g
I (L=6) 13 Ag⊕2Bg⊕E1g⊕2E2g⊕2E3g


Last update November, 13th 2023 by A. Gelessus, Impressum, Datenschutzerklärung/DataPrivacyStatement